INTRODUCTION:

Acne is the most common skin disorder which dermatologist have to treat. Acne is local skin infection which can be single or multiple pimple issues including itching, redness, scars, irregularities in sebum beneath skin layer, etc.¹^,² Acne vulgaris is the most common disorder of skin. That affects all individual once in life. The term acne is derived from Greek word which means prime of life.³

Acne vulgaris, which is a type of skin condition commonly known as acne, happens during adolescence because of bacteria named Cutibacterium acnes.4The bacteria affected by a hormone called dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) that's naturally present in the body.⁵ When figuring out how bad acne is, we look at a few things: where it appears on the body (like the back, upper arms, and chest), what kind of pimples or bumps there are (like big red ones, blackheads, or whiteheads), and if there are any marks left behind after the acne goes away.⁶ People often use antibiotics, either as creams or pills, to treat acne. For milder cases, they might use creams like erythromycin or clindamycin. But when acne is a bit worse, they might use stronger antibiotics called cyclines. These medicines help with different levels of acne severity.⁷ Herbal industry is now one of the most growing industries because of its less side effects and fast therapeutic actions.⁸ Herbal extracts have garnered significant attention due to their potential efficacy in addressing acne and skin inflammation.⁹ Many plant-based remedies have been utilized in traditional medicine for centuries to target these concerns. This arises from the recognition of the therapeutic properties certain plants possess, which have shown promise in providing relief.¹⁰ Recently, scientists have been studying compounds found in medicinal herbs, fruits, and vegetables to see if they can help with acne. They've looked at whether these compounds can fight bacteria, reduce inflammation, control oil production, and balance hormones – all of which can help treat acne. Some herbal extracts have even shown promising slowing down effects in the growth of acne-causing bacteria like P. acnes. This could be a helpful strategy to tackle the problem of antibiotic resistance in acne treatment.¹¹

Pumpkins Seed Oil:

Scientific name: Cucurbita Maxima

Genus: Cucurbita.

Family: Cucurbitaceae.

Common Name: Pumpkin

Pumpkin is a super nutrition machine!! It is highly nutritious, having various vitamins, minerals, and other things our bodies need. The pumpkin itself and the pumpkin seeds carry with them lots of special health benefits when you eat them.¹²

Pumpkin provides essential Vitamin A that promotes good vision and increases immunity. The regular intake of pumpkin seed oil aids in maintaining healthy eyes and it greatly enhances the body’s immunity. Pumpkin seed oil has high vitamin C content that fights free radicals, boosts immunity, and stimulates collagen synthesis. In addition, its high level of Vitamin C prevents various kinds of cancer.¹³ Pumpkin seed oil is rich in essential minerals like magnesium, potassium, and zinc, crucial for various vital biological functions in the body.¹⁴ Pumpkin seed oil contains essential fatty acids that offer multiple health benefits, including protection against significant health issues like high blood pressure and arthritis, while also contributing to healthy skin.¹⁵ When an intact skin is applied with a self-contained unit for controlling medications and delivering them into the systemic circulation at certain specified dosages per time.¹⁶ In the recent times transdermal therapeutic systems (TDDS) have considerably influenced the administration of numerous drugs such as pain relief drugs, hormones used for therapy and in some diseases of heart and brain.¹⁷ Transdermal delivery ensures controlled and uniform drug release with shorter drug half-life. This is the most convenient approach, which ensures smooth changes without significant increases in general flow through the system.¹⁸

Pathophysiology:

The origin of acne is as a result of different causative factors. Androgen stimulated sebum production increased, hair follicles were blocked by excessive abnormal skin cell growth leading to bacteria growth and subsequent inflammation.¹⁹ Genes, diet and other factors influencing acne development. Acne starts by forming tiny plugs known as microcomedones that lie inside individual hair follicles. These microcomedones become closed and open comedones (whiteheads and blackheads) then they advance to become inflammatory papules, pustules, and nodules.

The development of different acne lesions from microcomedones is believed to result from four main factors:

1. Increased sebum production (seborrhea)

2. A condition where there are excessive skin cells build-up around follicles.

3. Aerobic growths in the presence of C. acnes bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes), that is, when no additional agents are added.

4. Inflammation.

When the skin cells and oil build up, a microcomedo turns into closed comedo. The open comedo is formed as the follicle opening continues to widen with progression in the expansion. Black oil in open comedone is due to oxidization oily skin melanin pigent. These are inflammatory pimples and pustules which result from C. acnes bacteria and body’s immuno-responses. Bacteria, oils, and dead skin cells are released by the follicles when they burst in. This aggravates the inflammatory process and eventually leads to nodule formation.²⁰

Causes of acne:

This condition is caused by over-active sebaceous glands, which produce excess oil from their position just beneath the skin surface. For example, when the excess oil builds up in hair follicles, it leads to clogging which results in acne.²² The over-active sebaceous glands close to the skin surface increase oil production. Excess oil is deposited in the hair follicles resulting into clogging and formation of acne.²³ Having a family history of acne increases the likelihood of experiencing it, according to researchers. Certain medications: Certain medications, such as those that contain hormones, corticosteroids, and lithium, can cause acne²⁴

Acne treatment:

They are inexpensive, easy to use and readily available everywhere. Many acne patches in stores are made up of a synthetic ingredient known as hydrocolloid. A natural acne patch will not consist of any artificial ingredients.^25,26 However, not all ways of administration used in the treatment of acne are equally effective and safe; many have tested antibacterial agents, including erythromycin, clindamycin (CDM), and benzoyl peroxide, among others. Many of them are ineffective as they penetrate poorly into the dermis. The use of topical antibiotics in acne leads to development of bacterial resistance and thus cannot be regarded as a monotherapy. On the other hand, oral antibiotics and isotretinoin were found to be more effective in terms of therapeutic efficiency²⁷. However, although oral antibiotics show a good therapeutic effect, it should be used carefully as it may cause inflammatory bowel disease, pharyngitis, induction of Candida vulvoganitis, and Clostridium difficile infection. Antibiotics should be prescribed for about six to eight weeks at most, 12 to 18 weeks as the maximum. Using benzoyl peroxide for five to seven days can also help prevent the growth of a drug-resistant disease. Most people prefer to look for alternative types of composition which have strong therapeutic effect but few side-effects²⁸ The use of topical therapy such as creams in children began with patches and other transdermal devices such as a scopalomine patch meant for children suffering from motion sickness.²⁹ it is used in treatment of motion sickness; fentanyl patch for the management of pain and nicotine patch to reduce smoking dependence, among others. These patches do not undergo the first-pass metabolism so as to ensure smooth transdermal blood level distribution. For instance, with regard to cosmetic needs, over time, certain drug candidates appropriate for the transdermal delivery have been defined. Searching for effective pharmaceutical preparations for penetrating through the skin using transdermal technology as therapy for acnes.³⁰

Acne patches: A novel approaches:

They are called pimple or acne patches and act like a plaster over an irritating pimple, which keeps you away from the pimples and sucks out the fluids, making the environment damp; thus enabling quicker and efficient healing.³¹ The patches can aid in reducing inflammation Others are just dyes. Sometimes, some dots have anti-acne substances like salicylic acid.³²

Hydrocolloid and hydrogel are commonly used in acne medical dressings. Hydrocolloid dressings have two layers: an internal colloidal layer and an external waterproof layer. The outer layer is like a shield which prevents the microorganism from spreading inside the body system^33,34

Types of Acne Patches:³⁵

Fig. 2: Types of acne patches

HYDROCOLLOID	MICRONEEDLE	HYDROGEL
For yellow or white pimples	For crystal or nodular acne	For active Acne
Often used to speed up the healing process	containing microneedle that is dissolved and is very fine, has a small needle on one side	-Contains active ingredients to kill -acne-causing bacteria and reduce inflammation

Hydeocolloid Patches:

The hydrocolloid patches is an advanced way of treating a pimple with speeds up. These transparent and tiny patches consist of a single sticky plaster that can be applied onto open pimps. Hydrocolloid is a polymer that is well-known to form a gel upon mixing it with water, hence acting as the key ingredient. It becomes hydrocolloid patch on application on a substrate. This creative approach fosters ideal conditions that enhance the healing process hence quick restoration of the injured field.³⁶ The hydrocolloid patches are the non-medicated, antiacne patches that are used to hydrate the skin and boost the barrier. Their function does not stop at removing the acne but they are also good for skin softening and moisturizing. These patches contribute towards fast healing of the skin barrier especially when acne is involved.³⁷ Hydrocolloids came into existence as a general approach for wound care but today has attracted much focus on treating skin sores found in open acne. The patches were first intended for use as a dressing in case of wound infections, but they have exhibited significant results when applied to exposed acne lesions. This shows that hydrocolloid technology has a wider application and hence the ability to solve other specialized skin problems besides its initial focus on wound care.³⁸

Hydrogel Patches:

The medicated acne patches contain active ingredients that eliminate the bacteria responsible for acnes. Usually, they are of hydrocolloid and hydrogels stickers, which have been covered with water-resistant layer to avoid further bacterial contamination. The design caters for the primary cause of acne and also offers protection to the affected region in a holistic treatment strategy.³⁹ Hydrogel with a high moisture content makes it easily compatible with various medical uses. This makes it possible to vary their structure and properties by using different chemical approaches. In this regard, nanocomposites will present novel ways of delivering small molecules, proteins, and promoting cell transport while enhancing tissue healing. Hydrogels therefore, provide a flexible base upon which newer and more advanced medical procedures can be built on.⁴⁰ Hydrogels are long-chains in water, capable to absorb large quantities of over 20% by weight as water. This feature renders hydrogels with tunable properties that are applicable in different biomedical uses. Hydrogels are flexible in manufacturing techniques that make them potential candidate for efficient and innovative therapeutic strategies on acne.⁴¹ Besides, the studied patch is easy to attach on the face and remove from it with no damage. This impliesthat the patch model evaluated in the study could be applied successfully to treat acne caused by bacteria present on facial skin.⁴²

Microneedle Patches:

Microneedle patches are a form of topically applied transdermal drug delivery which utilizes micro meter sized needles. They are usually less than 1000 mcu and they produce tiny punctures in the skin. This process enables drugs to be administered through the skin or across it efficiently, thus enhancing their uptake by the bloodstream.⁴³ MNS have variable depth and therefore avoid contact with epidermal nociceptors. The above mentioned and very convenient and easy-to-use devices will allow patients to take medicine at home without painful injections⁴⁴ A study developed and assessed a microneedle patch for acne, incorporating hydroalcoholic extracts from Curcuma longa and Azadirachta indica. These herbal extracts are known for their antimicrobial properties.⁴⁵

Researchers made microneedle patches using different materials like silicones, metals, polymers, and ceramics. In a specific study, they focused on materials that dissolve or break down in the skin, such as silk fibroin or hyaluronic acid, and also used non-dissolving materials like polyvinyl alcohol or methacrylated hyaluronic acid.⁴⁶

These microneedle patches were designed to make salicylic acid more effective in treating acne. When tested on mice, a type of microneedle patch called SA-PIL-MNs turned out to be the most successful in treating acne infections on the mice's skin.⁴⁷

Pumpkin seed oil as acne treatment:

Pumpkin seed oil does wonders for your skin, especially in fighting acne. It's loaded with unsaturated fatty acids that have anti-inflammatory powers, calming down acne. Plus, this oil is light and packs essential fatty acids that keep your skin perfectly moisturized—no dryness, no greasiness, just the right balance for happy, healthy skin.¹²

Pumpkin seed oil is a light oil that's like a superhero for your skin. It has special stuff called essential fatty acids that keep your skin hydrated just right—no dryness, no greasy feeling. It's like a happy dance for your skin.⁴⁸

Pumpkin seed oil is a powerhouse for your skin! It's got beta-carotene and special fatty acids that kick out inflammation and fight off acne-causing bacteria. Plus, it's like a time machine for your skin, slowing down aging and keeping infections at bay. It's skincare magic in a bottle!⁴⁹

Pumpkin seed oil is like a calming friend for your skin. It helps soothe irritation by turning down the volume on those pesky inflammation signals. So, if your skin is feeling a bit upset, this oil is there to bring the peace and make things better.⁵⁰

Good news from the rat world: Cold-pressed pumpkin seed oil is like a superhero for healing wounds! It's packed with tocopherols, sterols, and special fatty acids that not only fight off bad stuff but also help your skin heal faster. So, think of it as a little bottle of goodness for your wounds to get better in no time!⁵¹

Picture pumpkin seed oil as your skin's shield against the sun. It's like a superhero that protects your skin from the damage caused by sunlight. Studies even say it's better than the usual stuff you find in herbal and cosmetic products. So, it's not just about looking good—it's about keeping your skin safe from the sun's tricky moves, preventing problems like skin cancer, aging, and redness. A real skin superhero in a bottle!⁵²

Future prospect:

· Anti-Inflammatory Properties: The pumpkin seed oil is reputable for its anti-inflammatory nature that may help in preventing the inflammation and redness linked to pimples. This research may further be expanded to uncover the underlying mechanisms that explain the anti-inflammation function in acne treatments.⁵⁴

· Antioxidant Effects: Due to the oil’s high concentration of antioxidants, it would help in neutralizing the free radicals contributing to skin damage. More investigation might reveal that it prevents acne lesions or promotes general dermal well-being.⁵⁵

· Hydration and Moisturization: Essential fatty acids in Pumpkin Seed Oil which helps keep skins hydrated. Future investigations can also consider its ability to reduce excessive drying or oily skin when used in acne patch formulation.⁵⁶

· Combination Therapies: Researchers can therefore look into mixing the oil with other skin care products that are proven effective in fighting acne. It can, therefore, prompt the formation of improved and collaborative acne patches.⁵⁷

It is probable that researchers would aim at improving the materials, adopting new generation of polymers, and implementing sophisticated delivery systems. As a result, they will develop more specialized patch formulations for different skin types and levels of acne.^58,59

A promising way of developing the technology further involves integrating smart technologies into acne patches. Such adhesive patches can contain sensors for monitoring skin condition with instant output in terms of oil production, pH value, or bacteria counts. The information can be used for tailor-made treatment regimes and maximizing the benefits of acne patch therapy.⁶⁰

Research should therefore consider developing combination acne patches that comprise different active ingredients and therapeutic modalities. Researchers attempt to achieve this by combining ingredients that address different facets of the acne pathogenesis.

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Received on 07.12.2023 Modified on 28.02.2024

Res. J. Pharma. Dosage Forms and Tech.2024; 16(2):144-150.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2024.00023