INTRODUCTION:

Every year, the United Kingdom consumes 300 million tubes of toothpaste. End-to-end, that's almost 75,000 kilometers of plastic or about twice the circumference of the globe. Toothpaste tubes are typically made of a variety of polymers, and many brands have a metal layer inside the tube that is difficult to remove for recycling.

A toothpaste tube takes 500 years to fully biodegrade in a landfill, which means that every tube you've ever used could still be out there in a large hole in the ground. My interest vision is to create a product that will reduce plastic waste, be eco-friendly, and vegetarian, and the product is toothpaste in tablet form. It is already available in other countries, but it has not been well received in India. This pill-shaped toothpaste will be inexpensive and simple to use. Simply bite and brush your teeth. Little has changed in the Dentifrice Delivery System. Since the first tube of toothpaste was filled, more than Since the first tube of toothpaste was filled more than a century ago, the dentifrice delivery system has altered little. However, this may change with the introduction of chewable toothpaste tablets, which are less wasteful and more environmentally friendly.^1,2

Toothpastehas been around since the beginning of time and is an essential part of oral health care. Toothpaste compositions date back to 300-500 BC in China and India. During that time, abrasives such as squashed bone, crumbled eggs, and clamshells were used to clean teeth. In the nineteenth century, modern toothpaste compositions were created. Chalk and soap were then added to those formulas. After 1945, numerous advances in detergent formulations were made, including sodium lauryl sulfate being utilized as an emulsifying ingredient. The emphasis has turned in recent years to the release of active ingredients during formulation development to prevent and/or treat oral disease.³

It is more difficult to maintain oral hygiene in individuals who are using a fixed orthodontic appliance during treatment. Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances have a hard time keeping their teeth clean. Because of the presence of fixed orthodontic brackets, debris attachment is very common. Plaque accumulation will lead to poor oral hygiene, which will result in calculus and cavities. Plaque management was conducted to preserve oral hygiene, which is an important feature throughout fixed orthodontic treatment. Brushing is a good way to keep plaque at bay. Tooth brushing is one of the most popular methods for maintaining oral hygiene since it is simple, safe, and effective. Toothpaste can help prevent dental plaque and calculus buildup.⁴Oral health is important for our overall well-being and quality of life, as it entails healthy teeth, the absence of oral-facial pain, and the absence of oral soft-tissue diseases, among other things. Without good oral health, one cannot be completely healthy. Despite significant improvements in global oral hygiene management over the last several decades, difficulties persist. Dental caries and periodontal disorders are among the most frequent ailments that humans face. Streptococcus mutans causes dental caries (tooth decay), which is an infection of the calcified tissues of the teeth. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans, for example, operate as catalysts. According to the World Health Organization (W.H.O.), dental cavities affect 60-90 percent of schoolchildren globally.⁵Because of their ease of administration and low processing costs, oral dosage forms are the most popular and recommended pharmaceutical dosage forms. Recent advancements have focused on oral dose forms with good palatability and ease of administration, particularly for youngsters and the elderly. Chewable pills should be chewed in the mouth before swallowing; they should not be eaten whole. The chewable tablet's goal is to give a unit dose form of medication that may be conveniently provided to infants, children, and the elderly who may have trouble swallowing a tablet intact.⁶Oral health is important for people's overall health and wellbeing. Toothpasteis constantly evolving to better treat diseases such as caries, poor breath, gingivitis, tartar, and dental hypersensitivity. Teeth whitening has been one of the fastest-growing dental care segments in recent years, according to consumer demand for both healthy and cosmetically appealing smiles. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of the population has access to dental clinics for dental procedures.⁷

What Exactly Are Toothpaste Tablets?

Chewable toothpaste tablets are tiny little circular discs that resemble breath mints and are made entirely of natural components that are designed to keep your teeth clean by eradicating plaque. Once in your mouth, you will crush the tablet with your teeth, usually your larger and stronger back molars. The dry components of toothpaste in tablet form are referred to as toothpaste tablets. Simply place it in your mouth, moisten your toothbrush, and agitate the tablet with the bristles like you would a cleanser.¹³

Toothpaste is a type of dentifrice that is used to clean, maintain, and improve the health of one's teeth. Toothpaste is primarily used to maintain oral hygiene, but it also functions as an abrasive, removing dental plaque and food particles from the teeth. Caries is a dental and oral health issue that our country is still dealing with. According to the 2004 household health survey, the prevalence was 90.05 percent. S. mutansis one of the bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of caries. These bacteria will convert sugar to acid inside tooth plaque. The resultant acid causes disintegration and demineralization of the tooth, leading to caries. Preparations in the form of toothpaste allow for non-uniform doses and impractical use, resulting in the development of chewable tablets. Chewable pills are typically chewed in the mouth before swallowing and are not intended to be swallowed whole. The primary goal of a chewable tablet is to give a suitable unit dose form of medication that can be conveniently provided to youngsters or the elderly who have trouble swallowing a tablet intact. Chewable tablets have some specific advantages such as improved patient acceptance, patient convenience; no need for water when swallowing, the ability to use as a substitute for liquid dosage forms where the rapid onset of action is required, absorption of the drug is faster, product distinctiveness through a marketing perspective, the effectiveness of therapeutic agent is improved by the reduction in size that occurs during mastication of the tablet before swallowing, and better bioavailability through by the chewable tablet has a smooth form, a wonderful taste, and does not leave a bitter or unpleasant after taste.¹⁴

Halitosis:

Bad breath, halitosis, and oral malodor are all terms used to describe unpleasant breath. Halitosis can be a sign of a variety of disorders. In general, intraoral disorders such as poor dental hygiene, periodontitis, or tongue coating are thought to be the leading cause of halitosis. The word halitosis comes from the Latin word halitus, which means "breath," and the Greek suffix -osis, which means "diseased" or "a state of." Incense, cinnamon, myrrh, and honey tablets are described in the Ebers Papyrus as a treatment for bad breath. For foul breath, Hippocratic medicine recommended a mouthwash made of red wine and spices. The Hippocratic also mentions a remedy based on marble powder for females suffering from bad breath and the ancient Chinese chewed clove. Miswak is the traditional chewing stick.⁸

Halitosis is an oral health problem marked by continuously odorous breath. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including specific foods, poor dental hygiene, inappropriate denture cleaning, decreased salivary flow rate, tobacco products, or a medical condition. Deep carious lesions, periodontal disease, oral infections, peri-implant disease, pericoronitis, mucosal ulcerations, impacted food or debris, variables producing lower salivary flow rate, and, most importantly, tongue coating are all causes of halitosis in 90% of cases.⁹

It is one of the world's oldest difficulties that can cause great shame in people's social and personal life, and it has been documented for thousands of years in numerous pieces of literature. The causative factors of halitosis are found in the oral cavity in about 90% of cases and can be linked to a variety of oral disorders such as dental caries, oral infections, and ulcerations, periodontal problems such as periodontitis, bacterial and candida infections, impacted food debris, altered salivary flow rate, and, most importantly, tongue coatings. It is one of the world's oldest difficulties that can cause great shame in people's social and personal life, and it has been documented for thousands of years in numerous pieces of literature. People with this illness are frequently sad psychologically, and they try everything they can to mask their bad breath by using breath mints, chewing gums, brushing frequently, and using mouthwashes.However, these strategies do not provide a long-term remedy because the underlying causes are numerous and must be recognized and treated appropriately to provide the patient with a long-term solution.Halitosis is one of the most common social communication fears, and as a result, it could be a sign of an underlying physical issue, as well as psychological depression and social isolation.¹⁰

Halitosis is a widespread ailment that affects both men and women around the world. It has a complex origin, although the degradation of organic material by oral cavity microbes is the primary cause. 'Howe,' who named this symptom in 1874, was a pioneer in halitosis research, and halitosis has been regarded as a clinical entity since then1. The majority of halitosis citations before 1930 were not backed up by facts or studies but were perpetrated by literature4. Fair and Wells invented the osmoscope in 1934, which was used to make subjective and semi-quantitative assessments of odour density.Halitosis affects the majority of adults and many children on a regular, chronic, and episodic basis. However, because they are embarrassed about their problem, they do not always seek help.¹¹

Mouthwash is the most commonly prescribed treatment for halitosis. Fluoride is found in most mouthwashes and aids in the prevention of cavities and periodontal disease. Alcohol is present in certain mouthwashes. The most significant disadvantage of utilizing alcohol-based products is irritation and burning of the oral mucosa, as well as dry mouth. Oral cancer is caused by prolonged or excessive usage of alcohol-based mouth rinses. According to a 2009 Australian study, alcohol-based mouthwash solutions allow carcinogens to infiltrate the mouth lining, increasing the risk of oral cancer. Breath mints and chewing gum are two other products that can help with bad breath.¹²

Advantage:

· Chewable pills are more convenient for people such as youngsters or the elderly.

· It doesn’t necessitate the use of any water.

· It is available at any time and at any location.

· No additional excipients are needed in the formulation of chewable tablets; they are identical to normal tablets.

· It may be used as an alternative to dose forms.

· It covers the disagreeable odor and taste of the pharmaceuticals, resulting in greater patient acceptabilitythrough pleasant flavor.

· It is a low-cost product; unlike capsules and coated tablets, it does not require expensive equipment or a sophisticated manufacturing process.

· Chewable tablets are preferable over regular and coated tablets when there is a large dosage in the formulation.

· Reduce product waste.

· Simple to solid handling and Improve your housekeeping.

· Simple to use while traveling.

· Ecologically sustainable^15,16

Sustainability:

Protect the environment through reducing, reusing, and recycling.

We are all responsible for creating our world with respect. With our diminishing natural resources, we may strive to be careful of what waste materials we contribute and how they affect our greenhouse gas emissions - there are simple and beneficial methods that we can all contribute. Much of the work that needs to be done can be summed up in three words that are as simple as they are catchy: reduce, reuse, and recycle.

When you think about it, there are several ways to apply these key ideas to our daily lives to create a genuine, practical, and beneficial change in the world. Reduce, reuse, and recycle can all mean various things to different individuals. The significance of these three terms in your life will be determined by your present usage, what you use, and how you use them. They also apply to a wide range of situations in life. Any aspect of your life that involves the use of a product will include at least one of these stages. Reduction repurposing one, recycling is a mindset as well as a set of activities.¹⁷

To buy toothpaste in quantity to save money, so that there is a minimum of waste. There will be a need for packing,for huge packing, we use plastic instead of paper. Jute can be used for huge packaging so that it is more environmentally friendly. Every year, we can save a huge number of trees to promote the concept of a healthy environmentby utilizing social media among rural and urban residents.¹

The first task in this critical cycle is to minimize your usage. This might be in the form of reducing and ultimately avoiding waste production, purchasing exactly what you truly require, or simply adopting a simpler life. Individuals are not the only ones who may benefit from the reduction. All of these concepts apply to huge organizations as well, which is a good thing. Spending our hard-earned money on firms that respect the environment sends a message to other organizations that innovation is not only welcome but also vital. This will force them to enter the twenty-first century and, hopefully, drastically reduce their carbon pollution and conventional power sources before it is too late. For many businesses, lowering also requires using less packaging when sending items and researching more environmentally friendly delivery options. So be mindful of what you buy, whether you truly need that thing, where you get it, the company's ideals, and what we can do to reduce our total consumption.¹⁷

To introduce the toothpaste tube reusing approach, shrink the diameter of toothpaste tubes by a factor of two.

Removing the water from toothpaste for better results. To introduce recyclable glass jars/containersfor use in dry or tablet form, such as toothpaste tablets. so, it is simple to transport.¹

Invest in some reusable bags to carry with you the next time you go to the grocery store instead of buying plastic bags, which pollute our seas and kill animals, In the U.S. alone consume 100 billion plastic bags, which ultimately wind up in a landfill or our natural water sources. Rather than the considerably more wasteful methods of the past, reusing enables the effective utilization of resources to grow.¹⁷

Recycling is self-explanatory, yet it is no less essential than reducing and reusing. Finally, there is the ever-important skill of recycling. When an object has reached the end of its natural life and can no longer be upcycled, repurposed, or given away, it is time to dispose of it responsibly so that it can biodegrade and return to the planet. Many paper goods are recyclable, and many other objects in your home may be recycled once you're done with them. On cardboard and plastic containers, check for a recycling symbol. Other ways of sustainable disposal can be represented via recycling. For individuals who cannot afford them, many organizations will collect old recycled items that are still functional. As an added benefit, certain locations will pick up larger items from your doorstep. Certain types of plastic cannot be recycled; they damage the environment. Being waste-free benefits the environment in a variety of ways. We'll go through a couple of them in more detail below.

Aids in Pollution Reduction- There are fewer items that might pollute any new landfill or the ocean with less garbage.

Aids in the conservation of natural resources- We may use natural resources when they are needed by reducing how much we consume and becoming waste-free. We've been wasting resources for far too long, and it's going to come up with us if we don't change our ways.

Aids in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions- Because fewer energy and resources are required to make items in the first place, zero waste minimizes greenhouse gas emissions. After the object is discarded, there is less raw material available to produce dangerous gases. Because by 2050, there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish, it is necessary to limit plastic waste.

About a billion dollars a year Glass bottles are the only ones we use. Why? Glass, unlike plastic, is eternally recyclable, beautiful, and decomposes into the sand at the end of its existence. Aluminum lids, infinitely refillable, plastic-free, recyclable glass.send with Kraft envelopes cushioned with post-consumer recycled newspapers instead of plastic poly-mailers. The post-consumer newspaper is plastic-free, recyclable, and compostable.

Boxes-Our boxes are composed of 100% recyclable corrugated cardboard and sealed with paper tape as it is often known. Paper tape, plastic-free, recyclable, corrugated cardboard.

Refills-With subscription, send you u refill packs in 100% biodegradable pouches every month or Specified period. Yes, there is still no plastic. Plastic-free, compostable at home, biodegradable.¹⁷

Disadvantage:

· The biggest drawback of chewable tablets is that they have an unpleasant flavor that is difficult to conceal in a pleasant-tasting chewable pill.

· It requires special storage conditions because it is hygroscopic.

· Chewable tablets have less mechanical strength than conventional tablets and must be handled carefully.

· Sorbitol is often used in diarrhea and flatulence-causing chewable pills.

· Flavoring compounds used in the manufacture of chewable pills have been linked to mouth ulcers.

· Chewable pills can interfere with dentures; thus older people should avoid them at all costs.^15,16

Application:

· It is a cost-effective product; unlike capsules and coated tablets, it does not need expensive equipment or a lengthy manufacturing procedure.

· Explain the toothpaste tube reuse approach.

· To optimize logistic and supply chain management, reduce the size of toothpaste tubes by reducing the water content.

· To offer glass jars/reusable containers for dry or tablet products, such as toothpaste, that are convenient to transport in areas where liquid or gel transportation is prohibited.

· Buying toothpaste in bulk for home usage will result in the least amount of unnecessary packaging.

· Instead of using paper for massive packaging, we might use jute to conserve a huge number of trees each year.

· To encourage rural and urban residents to promote the concept of a healthy environment.¹

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Materials:

I. Polishing substance:

A polishing agent is included in the teeth cleaning composition in tablet form. The purpose of the polishing agent is to eliminate dirt and prevent dental caries. Any substance that cleans the teeth eliminates debris, and/or removes adherent layers of the bacterial film without abrading dentine from the teeth can be used as the polishing agent of the present invention. Silica, including gels and precipitates, calcium carbonate, di-calcium orthophosphate dehydrates, calcium pyrophosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium polymetaphosphate, insoluble sodium polymetaphosphate, hydrated alumina, and resinous polishing materials such as particulate condensation products of urea and formaldehyde are just a few examples.

II. Agent for thickening:

A thickening agent is also included in the teeth cleaning compound in tablet form. When the toothpaste tablet is dissolved in the mouth, these agents can give a suitable consistency. Pregelatinized starch, gums such as agar, locust bean gums, guar gums, and Tara gums, carrageenan, alginate, xanthan, dextran, and cellulose derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose are no limiting examples of thickening agents. Gum karaya, gum Arabic, and gum Tragacanth are all-natural gums that can be employed. To enhance texture, synthetic silicates such as colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate or finely split silica can be added to the thickening agent. The thickening agent should be present in the overall composition in the range of 0.2 percent to 5.5 percent by weight.

III. Carrying case for tablets:

A tableting carrier is included in the toothpaste tablet. The term "tableting carrier" refers to a substance used in the manufacture of tablets that give optimal dissolving and disintegration in the mouth. The tableting carrier is chosen based on its compatibility with the other ingredients, particularly the polishing agent, and the desired product feature. The tableting carrier is present at an effective level, particularly at a level ranging from about 20percent to about 80percent by weight, most preferably from about 38percentage to 65percentage by weight.

IV. Agent of healing (Therapeutic agent):

As dental actives, the toothpaste tablet of the present invention may also contain one or more therapeutic drugs. The term "antimicrobial approaches" refers to agents used to prevent and cure dental caries or periodontal disorders of the soft tissues of the oral cavity. Anticaries agents, anti-calculus agents, antibacterial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and combinations thereof are among the therapeutic agents useful for the present invention.

a) Antiseptic agent

b) A calcium-lowering agent

c) Antimicrobial agent

d) Anti-inflammatory substances

V. Oral transporter:

The toothpaste tablet may also incorporate an oraltransporter. The term "oral carrier" refers to one or more compatible solid or liquid substances that are acceptable for oral delivery to a person. The oral carriers must be of adequate purity and low toxicity to be appropriate for human administration. A surfactant, an effervescent agent, a humectant, a tableting aid, a sweetening agent, a flavoring agent, a coloring agent, a preservative, a cooling agent, a buffering agent, and combinations thereof are examples of oral carriers.¹⁸

Method of Preparation of chewable tablets:

The toothpaste tablets of the present invention can be produced by any method useful for forming conventional tablets known in the art. These conventional methods include granulating methods: either wet or dry granulating method, preferably wet granulating. Depending on the properties of the ingredients (e.g., polishing agents, tableting carriers, flavors, coloring agents, and the like) to be formulated into granules, one method may provide a more favorable end product over the other method. The wet granulation method is widely used and usually produces the most satisfactory results in tablets. Direct compression without granulation step may also be chosen for the present composition, as long as producing non-gritty tablets does not cause capping.¹⁸

Methods of Application:

To clean the teeth, the toothpaste tablets of the present invention can be used by:

i. Simply placing the toothpaste tablet into the mouth;

ii. Retaining the toothpaste tablet in the mouth for a few moments until considerably dissolved, and releasing the dissolved tablet around the inside of the mouth so that it comes in contact with the teeth, for example by moving the tongue on the teeth's surface to clean them.¹⁸

Marketed Formulation:

Table: Marketed Formulations of Chewable toothpaste tablet

Sr. No.	Brand Name	Manufacture By
1.	Bite	Kind lab, CA, Toronto, U.S.
2.	Dent tab	Dent tab GM Bh Gerichtstrabe, Barlin, Germany
3.	FORISCA	Kosmetics Lane Private Limited, India
4.	Archtek Toothpaste tablet	Archtek, USA
5	Globoids Toothpaste Tablets	GloBoid, China
6.	WeldentalChew tab Gentle Whitening Toothpaste Tablets Peppermint	WELdental, Carlsbads, America

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

CONCLUSION:

It is concluded that the developed chewable toothpaste tablets may be a better alternative to the conventional uses of the toothpaste tubetablets are simple and convenient to use. They provide an accurately measured dosage of the active ingredient in a convenient portable package and can be designed to protect unstable medications or disguise unpalatable ingredients. Easy to use in traveling. It does not require water, it can be taken at any time and place because they're waterless, toothpaste tablets don't require chemical preservatives, and the tablets come in fluoride and fluoride-free versions. Reduce product loss, to develop an overall general awareness for the entire consumers regarding useless waste. The future of the earth is in our hands, and by reducing, reusing, and recycling, we can ensure that the environment will be sustained for many years to come.

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Received on 19.01.2022 Modified on 14.06.2022

Res. J. Pharma. Dosage Forms and Tech.2022; 14(4):336-342.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4377.2022.00055