Antioxidant Activity of Psidium guajava Leaf Extracts

 

Akshay R. Yadav*, Shrinivas K. Mohite, Manisha D. Rajput, Vaibhav S. Suryawanshi, Rushikesh M. Birajdar, Mayuri V. Patil

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, Dist- Sangli, Maharashtra, India-415404.

 

ABSTRACT:

Chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases are characterized by an enhanced state of oxidative stress, which may result from the overproduction of reactive species and/or a decrease in antioxidant defenses. The search for new chemical entities with antioxidant profile is still thus an emerging field on ongoing interest. Psidium guajava leaves have traditionally been used to manage several diseases such as rheumatism, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, and cough. The results of the free radical scavenging activity of the DPPH radical assay method for antioxidant activity have shown that the Psidium guajava extract exhibits significant scavenging activity.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The free radicals may be either Oxygen derived (ROS) or Nitrogen derived (RNS). The most common reactive oxygen species include superoxide anion (O₂), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), peroxyl radicals (ROO) and reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH). The nitrogen derived free radicals are nitric oxide (NO), peroxy nitrite anion (ONOO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and Dinitrogen trioxide (N₂O₃).¹ The exogenous sources of ROS include electromagnetic radiation, cosmic radiation, UV-light, ozone, cigarette smoke and low wavelength electromagnetic radiations and endogenous sources are mitochondrial electron transport chain, β-oxidation of fat². Chemical compounds and reaction capable of generating potential toxic oxygen species/free radicals are referred to as ‘pro-oxidants’³.

 

They attack macromolecules including protein, DNA and lipid causing to cellular/tissue damage on the other hand, compounds and reactions disposing of these species, scavenging them suppressing their formation or opposing their actions are called antioxidants⁴. In a normal cell there is an appropriate pro-oxidant: antioxidant balance⁵. However, this balance can be shifted towards the pro-oxidant when production of oxygen species is increased or when levels of antioxidants are diminished⁶. This state is called ‘oxidative stress’ and can result in serious cell damage if the stress is massive or prolonged. Herbal antioxidants have been successfully employed as rejuvenators, for several centuries in the Indian systems of alternative medicine⁷. According to Brewer, the effectiveness of a large number of antioxidant agents is generally proportional to the number of hydroxyl (OH) groups present in their aromatic ring(s)⁸. Based on that, the natural compounds would seem to have better antioxidant activity than the currently used synthetic antioxidants, making them a particularly attractive ingredient for commercial foods. Psidium guajava L popularly known as guava, is a small tree belonging to the myrtle family (Myrtaceae)⁹. Native to tropical areas from southern Mexico to northern South America, guava trees have been grown by many other countries having tropical and subtropical climates, thus allowing production around the world¹⁰. Traditionally, preparations of the leaves have been used in folk medicine in several countries, mainly as anti-diarrheal remedy¹¹. Moreover, other several uses have been described elsewhere on all continents, with the exception of Europe¹². Depending upon the illness, the application of the remedy is either oral or topical¹³. The consumption of decoction, infusion, and boiled preparations is the most common way to overcome several disorders, such as rheumatism, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, and cough in India, China and Bangladesh, while in Southeast Asia the decoction is used as gargle for mouth ulcers¹⁴. For skin and wound applications, poultice is externally used in Mexico, Brazil, Philippines, and Nigeria¹⁵. In addition, chewing stick is used for oral care in Nigeria¹⁶. Currently, there is increasing interest in studying of plants regarding their chemical components of bioactive compounds, their effects on several diseases, and their use for human health as functional foods and/or nutraceuticals¹⁷. In recent years, guava leaves tea and some complementary guava products are available in several shops in Japan as well as on the Internet, because guava leaf phenolic compounds have been claimed to be food for specified health use (FOSHU), since they have beneficial health effects related to the modulation of blood–sugar level. In this present investigation we tried to find out the antifungal and antibacterial property of guava leaves and the probable cause behind it^18-19.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Plant material:

Psidium guajava leaves has been collected from Karad, Maharashtra, India. Department of Botony, Yashwantrao Chavan College of Science, Karad has identified the plant and authenticated it.

 

Preparation of Psidium guajava leaf powder:

Fresh leaves of Psidium guajava were collected and air dried for 10 days. The dried leaves were then crushed into a blender to form a coarse powder. The powder was collected in an air-tight jar, and stored away from sunlight in a cool, dry place.

 

Preparation of plant extract:

Extraction of Psidium guajava was done by microwave assisted extraction method further filtered and excess solvent present was evaporated and dried extract were collected and subjected for activity studies.

 

In-vitro antioxidant activity:

The antioxidant activity was performed with appropriate modification using DPPH radical scavenging assay process. In short, the assay was performed at 517 nm using UV spectrophotometer. In the test tube was applied 1 mL of DPPH solution (25 μM) to the 1 mL extract solution (10^-4 M). The solution was incubated at 37°C for 30 min, and the absorbance of each solution was calculated against the blank solution of the reagent at 517 nm. The reference antioxidant was ascorbic acid (25 μM). Experimental values summarized for radical scavenging assays with DPPH are expressed as mean ± standard mean error (SEM). The percent free radical scavenging activity was calculated by the formula given below^20-21.

                    

                             Control absorbance – Test absorbance

% Scavenging = ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– × 100

                                           Control absorbance

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The extract was tested with 2,2-diphenyl1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay method using ascorbic acid as normal for their free radical scavenging activity. Extract shows significant scavenging activity ranging from 76 to 88% and the data is expressed in Mean ± SEM. in Table 1.

 

Table 1: In vitro antioxidant activity of the Psidium guajava extract:

*Results are expressed as the mean values from three independent experiments ± SEM.

 

CONCLUSION:

Antioxidants are tremendously important substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damage caused by free radical induced oxidative stress. The antioxidant potential of Psidium guajava leaf extracts was investigated in the search for new bioactive compounds from natural resources. Tests of 2,2-diphenyl1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay demonstrated significant scavenging activity of Psidium guajava extracts. The results obtained showed that this plant is very important from medicinal point of view, and it needs further phytochemical exploitation to isolate phytochemical constituents showing antioxidant activity. The present study will help the researchers as basic data for future research in exploiting the hidden potential of this important plant which has not been explored so far.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I express my sincere thanks to Vice-principal Prof. Dr. S. K. Mohite for providing me all necessary facilities and valuable guidance extended to me.

 

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Received on 25.05.2020          Modified on 18.06.2020

Accepted on 30.06.2020     ©AandV Publications All right reserved